A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced or Geospatial information.GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework.
As a CAD conversion service provider, our main advantages are:
Reproduction of superior quality drawings from poor quality original hardcopies Save time vs. digitizing tablets, redrawing, copying and printing documents Conversion from raster format to 100% CAD perfect geometry Document conversion including PDF conversion Enhanced services to customers at a lower cost and reduced future revision cost Increased productivity and control the cost and turn around delivery time.
(A) 2D Drafting
(B) 3D ModelingAutomated CAD Conversion
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A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced or Geospatial information.GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework.
As a CAD conversion service provider, our main advantages are:
Reproduction of superior quality drawings from poor quality original hardcopies Save time vs. digitizing tablets, redrawing, copying and printing documents Conversion from raster format to 100% CAD perfect geometry Document conversion including PDF conversion Enhanced services to customers at a lower cost and reduced future revision cost Increased productivity and control the cost and turn around delivery time.
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Image Processing and Analysis can be defined as the 'act of examining images for the purpose of identifying objects and judging their significance' Image analyst study the remotely sensed data and attempt through logical process in detecting, identifying, classifying, measuring and evaluating the significance of physical and cultural objects, their patterns and spatial relationship.
Digital Data
In a most generalized way, a digital image is an array of numbers depicting spatial distribution of a certain field parameters (such as reflectivity of EM radiation, emissivity, temperature or some geophysical or topographical elevation. Digital image consists of discrete picture elements called pixels. Associated with each pixel is a number represented as DN (Digital Number), that depicts the average radiance of relatively small area within a scene. The range of DN values being normally 0 to 255. The size of this area effects the reproduction of details within the scene. As the pixel size is reduced more scene detail is preserved in digital representation. Remote sensing images are recorded in digital forms and then processed by the computers to produce images for interpretation purposes. Images are available in two forms - photographic film form and digital form. Variations in the scene characteristics are represented as variations in brightness on photographic films. A particular part of scene reflecting more energy will appear bright while a different part of the same scene that reflecting less energy will appear black.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important management tool for integrating environmental concerns in development process and for improved decision making. It is the process of examining the environmental, social and health effects of a proposed development. It assesses the impacts of the proposed development on the environment and enables decision making with respect to environmental clearance.
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an implementation plan to mitigate and offset the adverse environmental impacts of the project and to protect and where possible, enhance the environment. Based on the potential impacts identified, it sets out in detail, the process of implementing mitigation and compensatory measures, the timing of these measures and indicative costs. EMP should be viewed as a legal commitment on the part of the proponent to minimize environmental impacts.
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A GIS (geographic information system) enables you to envision the geographic aspects of a body of data. Basically, it lets you query or analyze a database and receive the results in the form of some kind of map. Since many kinds of data have important geographic aspects, a GIS can have many uses: weather forecasting, sales analysis, population forecasting, and land use planning, to name a few.
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A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced or Geospatial information.GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework.
As a CAD conversion service provider, our main advantages are:
Reproduction of superior quality drawings from poor quality original hardcopies Save time vs. digitizing tablets, redrawing, copying and printing documents Conversion from raster format to 100% CAD perfect geometry Document conversion including PDF conversion Enhanced services to customers at a lower cost and reduced future revision cost Increased productivity and control the cost and turn around delivery time.
(A) 2D Drafting
(B) 3D ModelingAutomated CAD Conversion
Most of the contemporary technologies or evolving ones around the world are born in the first world that are accordingly furnished to fit and suit their own environment and needs. Unfortunately, these technologies cannot be directly applied. It is our proud honor to be one of the first organizations in North East to establish itself as catalyst to fill the gap between the state-of-art GIS technology and the solution seekers locally.
GIS Division provides services ranging from on-site technical and consulting support on GIS system setup, migration of conservative file system database to state-of-art relational data management systems as well as customization of ESRI desktop and Internet Map Server (IMS) software to suit the organizational needs. Geo-Information division consists of a team of GIS analysts and programmers dedicated on providing world-class solutions.
GIS Programming & Application Development ServicesMapMart.com can create customized GIS and mapping software or website applications to suit the individual needs of your organization. We have a team of highly trained and experienced programmers that can create nearly any spatially referenced interface you need. Please contact us with your specific requirements and we will formulate the possible solutions for your endeavor.Some of our expertise includes the following fields:MapInfo CustomizationMapBasic and MapX ProgrammingESRI desktop products customizationInternet GIS Application using MapInfo MapXtreme Internet GIS Application Development using ESRI ArcGIS Server
Web GIS. The synergy of Geographical Information Systems and Web Technology allows access to dynamic geospatial information without burdening the users with complicated and expensive software. The World Wide Web provides GIS users easy access to spatial data in a distributed environment through a simple browser interface or sometimes by a lightweight client side application. The concept of Web GIS is based on how the map is produced and responds to users' interactions over the Web. The publication and distribution of spatial data are increasingly important activities enabling organizations to share domain-specific dynamic spatial information over the Web. Web GIS add GIS functionality to a wide range of internet-based applications in government, business, research and education. It has several advantages such as worldwide access, dynamic data access and user-friendly interface.For the first time in Kerala, IIITMK launches Web GIS with a robust, scalable, powerful and customizable Internet Map Server technology.Applications of Web GISWeb GIS is useful to any organization that deals with geographic information for decision support on a distributed environment. It becomes more important when the location-specific information is dynamic and decisions have to be made on real time basis. Examples are the market prices of commodities of various markets, the stock and supply-chain management, real time weather information, real estate, asset management and asset tracking etc.
Land information refers to any physical, legal, economic or environmental information or characteristics concerning land, water, groundwater, subsurface resources, or air in the state. Land information has been used in a variety of systems over the years, from register of deed tract indexes to surveyors tie sheets or soil surveys. Today many organizations are moving land information into Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Land information is an integral part of government, non-profit, and private sector activities. Adopting GIS/LIS techniques can advance broader social purposes by making more effective public decisions and by using natural resources in a more optimal way.
EDIT geoplatform provides standard GIS layers of surface units (countries, squares, ...) to evaluate the spatial distribution of occurrence data -spatial completeness-, and standard GIS layers of environmental variables (climate, topography,...) to evaluate weather occurrence data represent adequately the gradients of environmental variation -environmental completeness-.GIS layers of surface units include both administrative units (countries, provinces) and regular equal-area units of different sizes (UTM squares, latitudinal squares, icosahedric triangles). Administrative units exist only for terrestrial areas, while regular equal-area units cover both terrestrial and marine areas. GIS layers of regular equal-area units were elaborated by MNCN-CSIC (EDIT geoplatform, 2007), with the exception of the UTM squares of 2,500 Km2 elaborated by the European Environmental Agency (EEA, 2003).
GIS is a technology that is used to view and analyze data from a geographic perspective. The technology is a piece of an organization's overall information system framework.GIS links location to information (such as people to addresses, buildings to parcels, or streets within a network) and layers that information to give you a better understanding of how it all interrelates. You choose what layers to combine based on your purpose.GIS is most often associated with maps. A map, however, is only one of three ways a GIS can be used to work with geographic information.
These three ways are - The Database Views:
(A) A GIS is a unique kind of database of the world—a geographic database (geodatabase).
(B) It is an 'Information System for Geography.'
(C) Fundamentally, a GIS is based on a structured database that describes the world in geographic terms.
In comparison to the advancements in 3D visualization, relatively little has been accomplished in the realization of a practical 3D GIS. The obvious reason remains: the transition to 3D means an even greater diversity of object types and spatial relationships as well as very large data volumes. In a 2D GIS, a feature or phenomenon is represented as an area of grid cells or as an area within a polygon boundary. A 3D GIS, on the other hand, deals with volumes. Consider a cube. Instead of looking at just its faces, there must also be information about what lies inside the cube. To work, a 3D GIS requires this information to be complete and continuous. Clearly, the data management task has increased by another power. More problematic, however, is the initial task of acquiring 3D data. In medical imaging this is not particularly difficult. But for geographers working at much greater scales, this can be an exercise in interpolation and spatial adjacency. The data acquisition problem is particularly acute for geologists who must overcome the limited availability of subsurface information.Once the data is collected, a raster or vector 3D data structure must be chosen to describe geo-objects. Besides points and arcs, features can also be indexed as surfaces and bodies. Take the cube again, a simple example of a body, and drill an imaginary hole through it. Now, how do you describe this instantly more complex object?Geographers have come up with a number of approaches to representing 3D geo-objects as volumes. Hopefully, this overhead will make some sense of what I'm about to say. Raster solutions subdivide the 3D universe into volume elements or voxels. This contrasts with the vector approach in which volume is determined by a feature's bounding surface. Whatever the structure, true 3D GIS analysis demands that feature points, arcs, surfaces, and bodies be manipulated and analyzed as discrete entities.
Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not exclusively, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth, and are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.An alternative definition, per the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM), is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points and/or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points and/or details.Furthermore, as alluded to above, a particular type of surveying known as 'land surveying' (also per ACSM) is the detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries. It involves the re-establishment of cadastral surveys and land boundaries based on documents of record and historical evidence, as well as certifying surveys (as required by statute or local ordinance) of subdivision plats/maps, registered land surveys, judicial surveys, and space delineation. Land surveying can include associated services such as mapping and related data accumulation, construction layout surveys, precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and the analysis and utilization of land survey data.
In land-based systems, the location of the transmitting towers are fixed, accurately known, and stored in thedata base of the receivers. In satellite-based systems, the locations of the satellites are not fixed. They orbit the earth at high speeds. However, satellites have a mechanism of giving information about their location at any instant in time. The accuracy of the calculated location of the satellites, at the time at which distances to them are measured, affects the accuracy of calculated position of the receiver. In other words, the accuracy in computing our position depends on the accuracy in computing the location of our reference points.
In a positioning satellite system, satellite locations and their orbits are continuously monitored from several observation centers around the world by the organization responsible for keeping the orbit of the satellite within acceptable boundaries. This organization also predicts the orbit of the satellite for the next 24 hours based on the actual orbit information received by the observation posts for the previous 24 hours (similar toweather predictions). The predicted orbit information for the next 24 hours is relayed to each satellite by the control organization, so that it can be sent to receivers. Satellites broadcast their orbit information as part oftheir radio signal structure.
With satellite systems, we are once again 'looking' up to the sky. This time,however, we are 'looking' at man-made objects instead of stars. And unlikecelestial navigation utilizing stars, man has now devised a scheme (usingradio signals and receivers) to measure distances to reference points.One of the first satellite navigation systems was Transit. The experiencegained from Transit and several other experimental systems led to thedevelopment of the current Global Positioning System (GPS) by the UnitedStates of America and GLObal Navigation Satellite Systems (GLONASS) bythe Russian Federation. GPS and GLONASS are very similar, as we willdiscuss in the rest of this book.
Historically, differential mode with code phase has been called DGPS and with carrier phase called Carrier Phase Differential (CPD). Real-time carrier phase differential has been called Real-Time Kinematic(RTK). In non-real time applications, terms like static or kinematic have been used. Next, we discuss DGPSand RTK. These discussions apply to non-real time applications the same way.In carrier differential, computations are much more complex because we have to deal with the additionalunknowns of initial full cycles. It may take several minutes to determine the full cycle ambiguities. Afterdetermining the initial full cycle ambiguities, then each subsequent position computation is instantaneous.As long as a minimum of four (or for reliability five) satellites are tracked, the loss of lock to other satelliteswill not disturb the continuity of position computation. But as soon as we end up with less than foursatellites, then we need to resolve the initial full cycle ambiguities again when we re-lock to satellites, whichcan take up to several minutes. With code DGPS results are instantaneous, but not as accurate.
DGPS
In DGPS, if range errors are transmitted from the base receiver to the rover receiver in real-time, (i.e. with aradio link) then the system is called real-time DGPS in which accurate results can be obtained in real time.This is desirable for applications in which some actions need to be performed in the field, such as placingmarkers or moving objects to exact locations. If real time results are not needed (e.g. for making accuratemaps), the measurements are time tagged and recorded in the base and rover receivers and later transferredSources of Inaccuracy: The Cures 33to a computer to calculate the accurate position of the rover the rover at each instant. This is called postprocessedDGPS.
DGPS is based on measuring distances to satellites with code phase. Code phase is like a measuring tapethat has tic marks and numbers only every meter. The meter-marks and numbers of this measuring tapeappear instantly after we lock to satellites, therefor we can measure distances instantly but not accurately.
The measurement and description of the physical features and conditions of navigable waters and adjoining coastal areas, including oceans, rivers, and lakes. It involves geodesy, physical oceanography, marine geology, geophysics, photogrammetry (in coastal areas), remote sensing, and marine cartography. Basic parameters observed during a hydrographic survey are time, geographic position, depth of water, and bottom type. However, observation, analysis, and prediction of tides and currents area are also normally included in order to reduce depth measurements to a common vertical datum. See also Geodesy; Photogrammetry.A principal objective of hydrography is to provide for safe navigation and protection of the marine environment through the production of up-to-date nautical charts and related publications. In addition, hydrographic data are essential to a multitude of other activities such as global studies, for example, shoreline erosion and sediment transport studies; coastal construction; delimitation of maritime boundaries; environmental protection and pollution control; exploration and exploitation of marine resources, both living and nonliving; and development of marine geographic information systems (GIS). See also Geographic information systems; Navigation.Modern depth information is achieved with sonar measurements. Dual-frequency echo sounders are used, with a high-frequency, narrow beam to measure the depth below the vessel, and a lower-frequency, wider beam to obtain larger coverage of the terrain. Side-scan sonar, an instrument that transmits acoustic signals obliquely through the water, is normally towed behind the survey vessel and displays the returning echoes via an onboard graphic recorder.
Hydrographers use tide-coordinated aerial photography to delineate the high and low water lines for charting, which in turn is used for base-line determination of offshore boundaries. Satellite positioning of the aircraft using the Global Positioning System with carrier phase measurement and postprocessing of the data provides for determination of the position of the aircraft of the decimeter level. See also Aerial photograph; Laser.
Image Processing and Analysis can be defined as the 'act of examining images for the purpose of identifying objects and judging their significance' Image analyst study the remotely sensed data and attempt through logical process in detecting, identifying, classifying, measuring and evaluating the significance of physical and cultural objects, their patterns and spatial relationship.
Digital Data
In a most generalized way, a digital image is an array of numbers depicting spatial distribution of a certain field parameters (such as reflectivity of EM radiation, emissivity, temperature or some geophysical or topographical elevation. Digital image consists of discrete picture elements called pixels. Associated with each pixel is a number represented as DN (Digital Number), that depicts the average radiance of relatively small area within a scene. The range of DN values being normally 0 to 255. The size of this area effects the reproduction of details within the scene. As the pixel size is reduced more scene detail is preserved in digital representation. Remote sensing images are recorded in digital forms and then processed by the computers to produce images for interpretation purposes. Images are available in two forms - photographic film form and digital form. Variations in the scene characteristics are represented as variations in brightness on photographic films. A particular part of scene reflecting more energy will appear bright while a different part of the same scene that reflecting less energy will appear black.
A thematic map displays spatial pattern of a theme or series of attributes. In contrast to reference maps which show many geographic features (forests, roads, political boundaries), thematic maps emphasize spatial variation of one or a small number of geographic distributions. These distributions may be physical phenomena such as climate or human characteristics such as population density and health issues. These types of maps are sometimes referred to as graphic essays that portray spatial variations and interrelationships of geographical distributions. Location, of course, is also important to provide a reference base of where selected phenomena are occurring. Barbara B. Petchenik described the difference as 'in place, about space'. While general reference maps show where something is in space, thematic maps tell a story about that place.ematic maps serve three primary purposes. First, they provide specific information about particular locations. Second, they provide general information about spatial patterns. Third, they can be used to compare patterns on two or more maps. Common examples are maps of demographic data such as population density. When designing a thematic map, cartographers must balance a number of factors in order to effectively represent the data. Besides spatial accuracy, and aesthetics, quirks of human visual perception and the presentation format must be taken into account.Of equal importance is audience. Who will “read” the thematic map and for what purpose helps define how it should be designed. A political scientist might prefer having information mapped within clearly delineated county boundaries (choropleth maps). A state biologist could certainly benefit from county boundaries being on a map, but nature seldom falls into such smooth, man-made delineations. In which case, a dasymetric map charts the desired information underneath a transparent county boundary map for easy location referencing.
Digital Elevation Models / Digital Terrain Modelling(DEM/DTM). The earths surface is a continuous phenomena. There are various ways of representing such surfaces in digital form using a finite amount of storage.
DTM
A digital terrain model (DTM) can be described as a three - dimensional representation of a terrain surface consisting of X, Y, Z coordinates stored in digital form. It includes not only heights and elevations but other geographical elements and natural features such as rivers, ridge lines, etc. With the increasing use of computers in engineering and the development of fast three-dimensional computer graphics the DTM is becoming a powerful tool for a great number of applications in the earth and the engineering sciences. The term digital elevation model or DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface, however, most often it is used to refer specifically to a raster or regular grid of spot heights.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important management tool for integrating environmental concerns in development process and for improved decision making. It is the process of examining the environmental, social and health effects of a proposed development. It assesses the impacts of the proposed development on the environment and enables decision making with respect to environmental clearance.
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an implementation plan to mitigate and offset the adverse environmental impacts of the project and to protect and where possible, enhance the environment. Based on the potential impacts identified, it sets out in detail, the process of implementing mitigation and compensatory measures, the timing of these measures and indicative costs. EMP should be viewed as a legal commitment on the part of the proponent to minimize environmental impacts.
Disaster management plan is the process of preparing for mitigating measures, responding to and recovering from an emergency. The DMP is aimed at ensuring safety of life, protection of environment, protection of installation, restoration of production and salvage operations in this same order of priorities. For effective implementation of the DMP, it should be widely circulated and personnel training should be provided through rehearsals/drills.
A GIS (geographic information system) enables you to envision the geographic aspects of a body of data. Basically, it lets you query or analyze a database and receive the results in the form of some kind of map. Since many kinds of data have important geographic aspects, a GIS can have many uses: weather forecasting, sales analysis, population forecasting, and land use planning, to name a few.
In a GIS, geographic information is described explicitly in terms of geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude or some national grid coordinates) or implicitly in terms of a street address, postal code, or forest stand identifier. A geographic information system contains the ability to translate implicit geographic data (such as a street address) into an explicit map location
A goal of custom software solutions may be to develop not for the mass auditorium (users), but rather developed to be unique, for a single customer (user) or a group. Custom developed software is encouraged to take under one hat the most progressive technologies along with preferences and expectations of the customer. Custom developed software may be designed in stage by stage processes, allowing all nuances and possible hidden dangers to be taken into account, including issues which were not mentioned in the specifications.
Pre-developed software packages, in most cases, may not be modifiable or customized to ones needs; and are usually available to all unrelated users or groups of users. For example, software designed for a cell phone manufacturer would be 'custom,' even though there could be thousands of individual users. Software written for use by many other manufacturers would be packaged, even if there were only a single user in each factory.
A computer database relies upon software to organize the storage of data. This software is known as a database management system (DBMS). Database management systems are categorized according to the database model that they support. The model tends to determine the query languages that are available to access the database. A great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS, however, is independent of the data model, and is concerned with managing factors such as performance, concurrency, integrity, and recovery from hardware failures.
The model for e-governance is a one-stop portal, such as firtgov.gov, where citizens have access to a variety of information and services. An ideal portal would be one for employment where a citizen creates a profile and is presented with employment opportunities at the federal, state, local, non-profit, and private-sectors; currently websites like monster.com over these services but more often than not users are required to reenter their information for the specific job. However, not all stakeholders have the same desired end-state which inhibits the possibility of a one-stop portal.
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